Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Research

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Research A) Effects of Ozone on the Lower Atmosphere The lower atmosphere (Troposphere) includes 75% by mass of the atmosphere (concentrated). Natural sources of Ozone in the troposphere includes lightning. Approximately 10% of all atmospheric ozone is present in the troposphere. If ozone levels reach 20ppm, they are very poisonous to humans, animals and plants. It oxidises organic tissue which disrupts the normal biochemical reactions in the body, irritates the eyes and causes breathing difficulties. It can be detrimental to plants and agriculture, as it oxidises much more readily then oxygen, killing/spoiling the agriculture and destroying it. Sources of ozone in the troposphere include diffusion from the stratosphere, internal combustion engines, petrochemical smog, naturally from lightning and photochemically when nitrogen dioxide in polluted air is decomposed by sunlight. NO2(g) NO(g) + O(g) O2(g) + O(g) O3(g) Positive effects of ozone include that it can kill bacteria and viruses in water and thus is useful in purifying water supplies. B) Effects of Ozone in the Stratosphere Contrastingly to ozone in the troposphere, Ozone in the stratosphere is essential to life on earth, as it absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation which can be harmful to living cells on earth as they can damage living tissues and cause skin cancers. Ozone in the stratosphere is commonly referenced to as â€Å"the ozone shield† as it protects living organisms on earth from UV rays. Ozone Reactions in the Stratosphere and their Beneficial Effects on Living Organisms Formation of Ozone in the Stratosphere O2(g) O(g) + O(g) O(g) + O2(g) → O3(g) Stratospheric oxygen absorbs UV light to form free oxygen radicals The oxygen radicals are highly reactive and combine with oxygen molecules to form an energized ozone molecule. Decomposition of Ozone in the Stratosphere O3(g) O2(g) + O(g) Due to the absorption of UV radiation, the Ozone layer acts as a radiation shield by absorbing medium and high energy UV rays. This protects living organisms as UV radiation can have very harmful effects on them including: Can cause sunburn on skin which can lead to skin cancer caused by a mutation in DNA Can form cataracts on eyes It can kill cells due to DNA readily reacting with UV rays It can impair photosynthesis in plants Many more†¦ Thus without the ozone shield in the stratosphere, life in the biosphere would be dramatically impaired and destroyed by harmful UV rays. A) Functional Groups and General Structure of Compounds Classified as CFC’s CFC’s – Chlorofluorocarbons are haloalkanes in which the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine or chlorine atoms. Haloalkanes are the products when alkanes react with halogens (members of group 7 of the periodic table). CFC’s generally contain â€Å"chloro† and â€Å"flouro† functional groups and no hydrogen atoms. The general structure of compounds classified as CFCs are haloalkanes whose hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine or fluorine atoms. E.g. B) Main Uses of CFC’s CFC’s were used as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol spray cans. They have a variety of uses as demonstrated below. However due to the harmful effects of CFC to the environment and the ozone shield, CFCs are not used for these uses anymore. C) Reactions between CFC’s and Ozone that Result in the Destruction of Ozone in the Stratosphere. Effects of Small Concentrations of CFC’s that can Damage Large amounts of Ozone Reactions between CFCs and Ozone Synthetic CFCs are responsible for the destruction of the ozone shield, natural CFCs such as CH3Cl and HCl rarely reach the stratosphere as they readily oxidise in the troposphere. However, synthetic CFCs slowly diffuse from the troposphere into the stratosphere, where they undergo photodissociation (due to UV rays) to produce chlorine and bromine radicals that attack and destroy ozone molecules. e.g. CFC-11 Trichloroflouromethane (CFCl3) (Lifetime of 70 years) 1. In the stratosphere, the CFC comes into contact with short wavelength UV CFCl3(g) + UV → CFCl2 ·(g) + Cl ·(g) 2. The chlorine free radical then reacts with the ozone molecule Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 3. The ClO molecule reacts with free oxygen atoms which exist naturally from UV breakdown of O2 ClO + O → O2 + Cl This Cl Is then regenerated and able to attack more Ozone (Step 2) thus further demonstrating the harmful effects of even one CFC This reaction causes destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, due to the (previously used) synthetic CFCs for refrigeration, dry cleaning etc. Small Amounts of CFCs can still do harm: Evidence has shown that even small amounts of CFCs can damage large amounts of ozone. Firstly, CFCs generally have a long lifespan, ranging from approximately 57 (CFC-11) years to 333 years (CFC-12), and due to the fact that each Chlorine radical can be responsible for the breakdown of tens of thousands of ozone molecules, and due to their lifespan once released, even a small amount, will be around for many decades to come. In addition, most CFCs will almost definitely make their way up to the stratosphere as they cannot be destroyed at low altitudes as they are unreactive and they are insoluble in water and therefore cannot be washed out of the atmosphere by rain. Alternative Compounds for CFCs. A) Ozone Monitoring Instruments Ozone Concentrations in the Stratosphere Source: Earth System Research Laboratory, 2012, Viewed 07.06.14, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/spo_oz/spototal.html A) Analysis of Trends There are a variety of trends that can be interpreted from the above diagram. Based on the data above, before the 1980’s, the total ozone concentration was VERY high, at approximately 194 DU (Dobson Units), however there was a very rapid decrease in this concentration from 1980 – 1999, whereby in this 19 year period sees a 56% decrease in the amount of total ozone, a remarkably concerning figure. On a year round basis globally, total ozone concentration have caused a 3-8% decrease in the amount of ozone, this increased in the years between 1995-200, where there was a low of total ozone concentration. However, in more recent years, 2010 to 2014 there has been a general increase in total ozone concentration, which can be inferred from the replacement of CFCs finally starting to impact (slightly) on the total concentration of ozone, this increase based on the data is 31%. The general pattern is that the total column ozone decreases during spring time, it can be inferred that the overall concentration of ozone decreases during this time of the year. This is because in an Antarctic winter, there is no U.V light to convert the chlorine molecule Cl2 into a Cl radical, which then destroy ozone molecules, and thus the concentration of ozone is higher in winter. In spring, the U.V light converts the Cl2 into Cl which then destroys ozone in a chain reaction, thus decreasing the total ozone concentration There are various peaks in the graph, in the years of 1988, 2003, 2011 and 2013, which may be due to limitation so of the instruments used. B) Montreal Protocol Effectiveness The Montreal protocol occurred in 1987, which the main aim was to control the production of ozone depleting substances (CFCs) worldwide. A number of amendments have been adopted to further ride ozone depleting substances. The protocol is applied in 193 countries. The main aims of the original agreement is as follow: Halt the use of Halons by late 1994 By the early 21st century, phase out the use of HCFCs Stop manufacture of CFCs by 1996 Allow for leeway with less developed countries but still get them to rid the use of these substances The Montreal Protocol (and amendments) has been effective as by 2006, the consumption of ozone depleting substances has been reduced globally by 96%. However, due to the long lives of the previously used ozone depleting substances, the total concentration will take hundreds of years to be completely down. However, the total concentration in the troposphere has generally been declining since the mid-1990s. Bibliography Thickett, G 2006, Chemistry 2 HSC course, John Wiley and Sons, Queensland, Australia. Role of Ozone, 2013, viewed 05.06.14, http://www.easychem.com.au/monitoring-and-management/the-atmosphere/roles-of-ozone Allen, J, 2001, Ultraviolet Radiation – How it Affects life on Earth, viewed 05.06.14, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB/ Environmental Protection Agency, 2010, The Process of Ozone Depletion, Viewed 07.06.14, http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/process.html Clean Air Strategic Alliance, 2013, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Halons, Viewed 07.06.13, http://dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c09/c09links/www.casahome.org/chlorofl.htm Welch, C 2014, The Ozone Hole, Viewed 07.06.14, http://www.theozonehole.com/cfc.htm Cracknell, A 2012, Remote Sensing and Atmospheric Ozone, Viewed 07.06.14, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YZzGFPnaEv0Cpg=PA94lpg=PA94dq=nimbus+4+satellite+ozonesource=blots=k3Ixvnqeupsig=Z_jW0D4jdcvG8hpjbb7d4QeUzBMhl=ensa=Xei=DpCSU-qHMsLtkQWJsIHQDQved=0CF8Q6AEwCg#v=onepageq=nimbus%204%20satellite%20ozonef=false ESA, 2013, Eathnet Online, Viewed 07.06.14, https://earth.esa.int/handbooks/gomos/CNTR1-2-2.htm The Canadian Ozone and Ultraviolet Measurement Program, 2010, Viewed 07.06.14 http://es-ee.tor.ec.gc.ca/e/ozone/ozonecanada.htm Earth System Research Laboratory, 2012, Viewed 07.06.14, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/spo_oz/spototal.html EPA, 2013, Ozone Layer Protection Glossary, Viewed 14.06.14, http://www.epa.gov/ozone/defns.html Bureau of Meteorology 2013, Ozone Frequently Asked Questions, Viewed 14.06.14, http://www.bom.gov.au/uv/faq.shtml Smith, R 2008, Conquering Chemistry Fourth Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, NSW, Australia 1 | Page

Home School V Public School

For years, there has been debate over home schooling and public schooling: therefore, I will compare and contrast classroom ratio, environment, and social skills of the children. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to both home schooling and public schooling. The following essay will compare and contrast many of these reasons. Every parent should consider all of the advantages and disadvantages when deciding on the education of their children and where they will receive it. Similar essay: Boarding Schools Should Be AbolishedAs a parent, one of the hardest decisions you will have to make is having to know how your children will get their education, and where they are going to receive it. Between home schooling and public schooling, there are many advantages and disadvantages a parent must think of before deciding where to send their children. Parents must decide on what they and their children would prefer and what would work best for their household and their lifestyle. There are some benefits to home schooling, but the disadvantages may surpass the benefits, which in turn, could prove very harmful to the child.Being home schooled tends to hurt ones social development, because they are able to hide from the chaos, pressures, and stress of life. By not being in a public school, they are separated from society and their peers. Being in public school, you have a chance of more opportunities, such as riding the school bus. My three year old daughter is in p reschool, and riding the bus is one thing she looks forward to every day. Being home schooled means you are always stuck at home with just your parents. This hinders a persons social development, because they are missing important interactions with their peers.Public schooled children get to know the facility, classmates, and other children in the school. Having these people around you everyday for years and years creates a path for deep relationships. Having a routine of seeing the same people around you day after day means you will have meaningful and deep relationships. These relationships will follow you for years to come. You will always look back and think about the people you went to school with. On the other hand, there are many groups centered around home schooled children.My five cousins know many other home schooled children because of these said groups. One of the biggest disadvantages of public schooling is the teacher to student ratio. In bigger schools, there may not be as much one-on-one interactions, and this can prove harmful to a child's education. In my public high school this was not a problem, because we were a smaller school with many teachers. For some student's they may need the one-on-one help to ensure they understand what is being taught to them. Some children may do fine with a higher teacher to student ratio, but it depends on each individual child.Distractions in public school is also a disadvantage, because for some children, being distracted may cause them to fail. No parent wants their child to fail in anything. Being home schooled allows a child to create a schedule that works best for them. There are benefits to establishing a personal schedule, such as sleeping later and having more free time. They will, in all, waste less time because their schooling is centered purely around the child and their needs. They can learn at a speed that works best for them, and can concentrate more time on any weaknesses.With not having the di stractions like public schools have, home schooled students are better able to avoid peer pressure. Even with all of the advantages of home schooling, it can also be harmful and damaging to the child’s growth as an adult. If one gets use to the one-on-one attention, it could hinder them greatly. If they stop getting this one-on-one attention, they may fall behind in the business and adult world. Not having a structured environment that public schools provide, home schooled students may not know how to deal with deadlines and rules.This may hurt the students in their adult and businesses life. In order to make it through life, one must know how to follow rules and how to work under pressure. Because there is less chaos and stress in a home schooled environment, one had less experience in handling pressure. Therefore, home schooled students are less attractive to businesses. The lack of pressure and guidelines will hinder a person attempting to get a professional job, because t hey have not had to listen and do as they say in a home schooled environment.However, if a parent knows the importance of deadlines and rules, they may still enforce them at a home schooled environment. It all depends on the parent and their children. One of the advantages of home schooling is not having to follow a certain lesson plan as you would in a typical public school setting. With public schooling, the students have to follow a certain lesson plan set forth by the teacher. With having this set lesson plan, the student may already know what is being taught. Therefore, there is a bunch of filler homework in public school.Having had gone to public school with a girl who got pregnant during high school, I know this information through her. She dropped out because of the birth of her son, and began home schooling herself. If she had stayed in public school, she would not have graduated until the spring of 2008. However, because she was not having to follow a lesson plan set forth by a teacher, she was able to graduate in the spring of 2007. She was able to get right down to what she needed to learn and skip all of the filler homework.By the time she would have graduated staying in public school, she was already through her first year of university. In conclusion, for a parent deciding whether to put their children in public school or home schooling them, needs to take the individual child in to prospective. Each child and their mentality are different. Therefore, each child will respond to different schooling in their own way. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to both ways of schooling. Each parent needs to take all of these in to prospective when deciding how and where their children get their education.

Case 3: the O-Fold Innovation for Preventing Wrinkles

Case 3: The O-Fold Innovation for Preventing Wrinkles The O-Fold Innovation for Preventing Wrinkles: A Good Business Opportunity 1. Select which business model Alex should pursue and defend your answer. I choose for Alex to pursue the business model which employs the Crawl-Walk-Run Strategy. With this strategy, he can actually utilize some of the aspects of the other strategies to operate and profit from his business idea. The Crawl-Walk-Run strategy has a three step process of growing a company. The first phrase is the crawl phase in which Alex and his brother can produce the O-Folds themselves. They can market and distribute them locally, online or door-to-door. He can gather some market data to back up his business idea and also get a feel for things to expect when starting up a small business. This also will help with getting angel investors to get on board which will begin in the next phase. The walk phase is pitching the idea to angel investors, have a patent, a developed distribution channel and a marketing strategy. This may provide an exit strategy for investors and also for other companies to want to buy the O-Fold. The run phase would be the phase that Alex decides to continue with the company or sell his interest in the company. He also at this point would have to be producing large quantities. This strategy will allow Alex to make decisions at any of the three phases and he would have to restrict himself to only one. 2. Perform a SWOT analysis for the business model you selected. The following SWOT analysis captures some of the key elements that may strengthen or hinder the progress of O-Fold: Strengths Innovative and practical design; light weight and easy to carry †¢ With the increase in airline cost and the cost of luggage, having a carry-on that is spacious and convenient can do the trick. Weaknesses †¢ The company and product is new and doesn’t possess the consistent capital needed. Opportunities †¢ The product is relatively new to the market. †¢ There is a wealth of untargeted consumers and business opportunities. Threats †¢ Established, larger, more expe rienced companies that have already captured the commercial target market. Is the target market substantial enough to make a profit? 3. As a part of the management team, how would you handle distribution and marketing of the O-Fold? As a member of the Management team, I would start distributing locally. Going door-to-door to local residents; speaking to local luggage stores; establish a website and sell some there; place ads in the local paper. Once enough revenue comes in then we can advertise in travel magazines; airline catalogs and on airline websites. Another possible suggestion would be to open a small store at the airport where we can have our target market right at our finder tips. 4. What is the exit strategy for your selected business model, how long will it take you, and what key points will signal the time to exit? As a part of the management team, I would suggest that between 4 to 5 years or once there are new entrants to the market, Alex should sell his interest and allow another more experienced company to acquire the company. 5. Research on your own how angel investing deals are designed. Then outline and defend the features of the deal that you would pitch to investors (funds provided, interest rate, equity, etc. ) The product of O-Fold is an innovative design that can be convenient for business professional during their travel. It is also made for anyone who has had trouble with wrinkles while travelling. Our strategy is focused differentiated with a cost that is high end. We believe that by year 5, interest rate can be about 6%; a return on equity of about 10% and revenue of averaging $100K. 6. At what points should Alex consider bringing on additional management? What positions should he fill and in what order? Defend your answer. Alex should bring on additional management at the Walk stage. He is going to need a lawyer; an accountant; a marketing manager and an assembly manager. At this stage, he can assess the progress of the company and decide if he wants to continue with building the company or exit. His management team can also guide him in making those crucial decisions. 7. What are some pricing strategies you would consider utilizing in order to get the O-Fold to market? Do you agree with Alex’s pricing point? I believe that O-Fold should be a luxury line and the price should be reasonably high. I say this because the target market would be business professionals and persons who would require their attire to be wrinkled free. I do believe that Alex’s pricing point is reasonable and can give him a profitable margin if he is catering for a wider range of the market target to include basically everyone that travels. Reference: Thompson, A. , et al (2010). Crafting & Executing Strategy: The Quest for competitive advantage (8th ed. ). McGraw-Hill Irwin

Degree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Probation Officer or Correctional Treatment Specialist 2019

The number of inmates in the nations jails and prisons is skyrocketing, according to a report in the New York Times. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reported 1. million state and federal inmates in 2017, up from 488,000 in 1985. The cost of convicting and incarcerating offenders reached an all-time high of $167 billion in 2017. In order to control the rising cost of the correctional system, professionals with a criminal justice degree are serving as probation officers or correctional treatment specialists, helping offenders successfully rehabilitate back into society. What is a Probation Officer? As opposed to the punitive role of police officer, jobs with a criminal justice degree can be focused on helping offenders function successfully in society. Probation officers supervise offenders who have been placed on probation rather than being sentenced to prison. A professional with a degree in criminal justice who chooses to be a probation officer will often meet with the offender and his or her family in their home, or at the offenders place of employment. A probation officer may also arrange for the offender to receive therapy, substance abuse counseling, or job training. .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe:active, .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u5333e44c03ada8e4372ef2a819a67bfe:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Earning a Master's Degree in Health Care OnlineWhat is a Correctional Treatment Specialist? Whereas a probation officer works with offenders in an attempt to keep them out of prison, a correctional treatment specialist works with offenders while they are in prison or in a parole agency in an attempt to prepare them to re-enter society without becoming a repeat offender. A professional with a degree in criminal justice who chooses to become a correctional treatment specialist typically creates a plan of treatment for each of his or her cases, and provides education and training programs as needed. Required Education for Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists Each state has specific requirements to become a probation officer or correctional treatment specialist. Most states mandate a bachelors degree in criminal justice or social work. Candidates may also be required to pass a written examination, psychological test, and physical assessment. Many schools are now offering a criminal justice degree online. Westwood College is one possibility of an online college for a criminal justice degree. Westwood Colleges degree in criminal justice is specifically designed for mid-career professionals in either administrative or hands-on roles within the criminal justice field. Deciding to complete a criminal justice degree online can be a welcomed convenience for the student who is already juggling work and family responsibilities. .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c:active, .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u53269fbfa84fc0d1d3e7945a48d3ae8c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Online Culinary and Cooking Degree ProgramsQualities for Success as a Probation Officer or Correctional Treatment Specialist In order to work as a probation officer or correctional treatment specialist, a professional with a degree in criminal justice must be in good physical condition and have emotional stability. Most agencies offering these specific jobs with a criminal justice degree require applicants to be at least 21 years old and no older than 37 years old. Professionals in these occupations must also possess excellent writing skills in order to prepare the large amount of reports required for each position. Professionals interested in a career with criminal justice degree attainment may contact Westwood College for more information. College-Pages.com is also a valuable source of information with an extensive list of available programs and educational resources. Related ArticlesEmployment Opportunities in Criminal JusticeDegree in Criminal Justice Use a Criminal Justice Background to go to Law SchoolCriminal Justice 4 Reasons Women Make Successful Law Enforcement OfficersCareer in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police OfficerCriminal Justice Associate Degree Online Excellent Opportunities for Women in CorrectionsA Convenient Education In Criminal Justice .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1:active, .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1:hover { opa city: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u37ffd530cde11380343f119a88cef6d1:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Salaries in the Computer Science Field